![]() They forced new tactics at sea, including larger convoys of ships sailing together and guarded by U.S. In WWI, the Germans used submarine technology at the great expense of the resupply efforts of the allies, particularly American supply efforts in the North Atlantic, sinking many merchant mariner supply ships and some of the warships of both Britain and the United States. Indeed, submarines revolutionized naval warfare. Photo: YouTube/Fluctusīy WWI, the submarine had become a part of several of the world’s navies. The original design elements are still a part of modern submarine design, but the advent of nuclear power and advanced weapons technologies has made them one of the most lethal delivery systems in history. The submarine and its design entered naval history on the 11th of April, 1900. The complexity of the modern submarine and the multi-faceted capabilities they possess are truly mind-boggling. It covers the history of the submarine as a powerful element of naval war-fighting capabilities, both as a deterrent and as an offensive weapon. There is no discernable correlation between centers of active volcanism and topography.This video from the Fluctus Channel is incredibly informative and very interesting. Although the most active volcanic centers appear to be found in structural lows (as indicated by mapping of scarps), DEMs derived from stereo images show that, with the exception of Tohil Mons, there is less than 1 km of relief in the Culann–Tohil region. From 0°–15° S the hummocky bright plains unit away from volcanic centers contains scarps, grooves, pits, graben, and channel-like features, some of which have been modified by erosion. ![]() Neighboring Radegast Patera contains a NIMS hotspot and a young lava lake of dark silicate flows, whereas the southwest portion of Tohil Patera contains white flow-like units, perhaps consisting of ‘ponds’ of effusively emplaced SO 2. Tohil Mons also contains a younger unit of mottled crustal materials that were displaced by mass wasting processes. The main massif of Tohil Mons is covered with ridges and grooves, defining a unit of tectonically disrupted crustal materials. ![]() These red–brown flows have a distinct color that is suggestive of a compositional difference, although whether this is due to surface alteration or distinct lava compositions cannot be determined. Fresh and red-mantled dark lava flows west of the Culann vent can be contrasted with unusual red–brown flows east of the vent. The Culann volcanic center has produced a range of explosive and effusive deposits, including an outer yellowish ring of enhanced sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), an inner red ring of SO 2 with short-chain sulfur (S 3 –S 4 ) contaminants, and two irregular green diffuse deposits (one in Tohil Patera) apparently produced by the interaction of dark, silicate lava flows with sulfurous contaminants ballistically-emplaced from Culann's eruption plume(s). Tsũi Goab Fluctus is the center of a low-temperature hotspot detected by NIMS late during the Galileo mission, and could represent the best case for active effusive sulfur volcanism detected by Galileo. Analysis of Voyager global color and Galileo Solid-State Imaging (SSI) high-resolution, regional (50–330 m/pixel), and global color (1.4 km/pixel) images, along with available Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) data, suggests that 16 distinct geologic units can be defined and characterized in this region, including 5 types of diffuse deposits. This region includes a newly discovered shield volcano, Tsũi Goab Tholus and a neighboring bright flow field, Tsũi Goab Fluctus, the active Culann Patera and the enigmatic Tohil Mons-Radegast Patera–Tohil Patera complex. We have used Galileo spacecraft data to produce a geomorphologic map of the Culann–Tohil region of Io's antijovian hemisphere.
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